Vulnerabilidade social no contexto da pandemia de COVID-19: uma discussão bioética / Social vulnerability in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic: a bioethical discussion / Vulnerabilidad social en el contexto de la pandemia del COVID-19: una discusión bioética

Objetivo: analisar, sob um olhar bioético, a vulnerabilidade social referente à saúde durante o contexto da pandemia de COVID-19. Metodologia: foram incluídas publicações de 1º de janeiro a 31 de dezembro de 2020, revisadas por pares, identificadas nas bases de dados Pubmed, SciELO e LILACS. Foram utilizados para realizar a busca na base Pubmed o termo MESH "COVID-19" conjugado com os termos: "vulnerable population", "population groups", "social determinants of health", "health equity". Os descritores DECS equivalentes em português e em espanhol dos termos MESH foram utilizados na busca nas outras duas bases. Resultados: de um total de 132 artigos, após a aplicação dos critérios de inclusão e exclusão, foram identificados 21 artigos elegíveis. Os temas mais abordados na amostra foram: vulnerabilidades referentes a pessoas idosas, raça, minorias étnicas, condições socioeconômicas precárias, gênero feminino, pessoas com deficiência e condições crônicas de saúde. Observou-se artigos abordando mais de uma temática, integrando aspectos diversos de populações vulneráveis. Com base nos dados encontrados foram feitas análise e discussão com foco em vulnerabilidade como conceito bioético, além de conexões com discriminação e determinação social da saúde. Conclusão: os resultados apontam para a violação de direitos explicitados na Declaração Universal de Bioética e Direitos Humanos. Ao aumentar a disparidade da morbimortalidade por COVID-19 de grupos populacionais já impactados pela determinação social da saúde, constata-se uma violação do direito à saúde, indicando que governos e sociedades falham em respeitar a vulnerabilidade de grupos sociais no contexto pandêmico.

Objective: to analyze, from a bioethical perspective, social vulnerability in relation to health during the context of the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods: The study included peer-reviewed publications from January 1st until December 31st 2020, identified in Pubmed, SciELO and LILACS data basis. Mesh terms were utilized for research in Pubmed as follows: "COVID-19" conjugated with the terms: "vulnerable population", "population groups", "social determinants of health", "health equity". Portuguese and Spanish equivalents DECS terms were used for searching in the other two databases. Results: a total of 132 articles were found. After applied inclusion and exclusion criteria, were 21 eligible articles. The most recurrent themes were: racial, ethnic and social-economics, gender, age, disability and chronic health conditions. Articles addressing more than one theme were observed, integrating different aspects of vulnerable populations. A bioethical discussion with focus in vulnerability based in the data retrieved took place and connections with discrimination and social determinants of health were made. Conclusion: results point to the violation of rights explained in the Universal Declaration of Bioethics and Human Rights. By increasing the disparity in morbidity and mortality from COVID-19 of population groups already impacted by the social determination of health, there is a violation of the right to health, indicating that governments and societies fail to respect the vulnerability of social groups in the pandemic context.

Objetivo: analizar desde un punto de vista bioético, la vulnerabilidad social relacionada con la salud durante el contexto de la pandemia de la COVID-19. Metodología: se incluyeron publicaciones revisadas por pares del 1 de enero al 31 de diciembre de 2020, identificadas en las bases de datos Pubmed, SciELO y LILACS. Se utilizó el término MESH "COVID-19" para buscar en la base de datos Pubmed junto con los términos: "población vulnerable", "grupos de población", "determinantes sociales de la salud", "equidad en salud". Los descriptores DECS equivalentes en portugués y español de los términos MESH fueron utilizados en la búsqueda en las otras bases.Resultados: de un total de 132 artículos, tras aplicar los criterios de inclusión y exclusión, se identificaron 21 artículos. Los temas más discutidos fueron: vulnerabilidades relacionadas con los adultos mayores, raza (énfasis en personas negras), minorías étnicas, condiciones socioeconómicas precarias, género femenino, personas con discapacidad y condiciones crónicas de salud. Se observaron artículos que abordaban más de un tema, integrando diferentes aspectos de las poblaciones vulnerables. A partir de los datos encontrados, se realizó análisis y discusión con foco en la vulnerabilidad como concepto bioético, así como las conexiones con la discriminación y la determinación social de la salud. Conclusión: los resultados apuntan a la violación de los derechos explícitos en la Declaración Universal de Bioética y Derechos Humanos. Al aumentar la disparidad en la morbimortalidad por COVID-19 de grupos poblacionales ya impactados por la determinación social de la salud, se vulnera el derecho a la salud, indicando que los gobiernos y las sociedades no respetan la vulnerabilidad de los grupos sociales ante la pandemia.

Quality of life of women from a quilombola community in northeastern Brazil

Abstract Quilombola communities are present in many Brazilian states living in precarious health conditions. This is due to geographic isolation, limitations to the access of the area in which they live in, and the lack of quality in the service when it is needed to be provided. Therefore, the aim of this study was to analyze the quality of life of women from a quilombola community in northeastern Brazil. It is an observational, cross-sectional and descriptive study. 160 adult women were first interviewed through a form to collect a profile and then it was applied the WHOQOL Quality of Life questionnaire bref. It was observed that the women were on average 40.7 years old (±17.25), married, self-declared black, who did not finish elementary school, housewife, had no income, with their own masonry house, with up to 6 rooms, supplied by a box of community treated water. Quality of Life had median scores in the domains: physical (3.18), psychological (3.4), social relationships (3.45) and environment (2.59). With this research, it was possible to characterize the quilombola community of Santa Luzia do Norte-AL regarding the difficulties of access to health and income generation, issues that affect their health condition. The problems described in this study can contribute to health actions being planned and carried out in order to improve socioeconomic and health conditions in this community, considering the social, political and environmental context, valuing their traditional knowledge and practices.

Resumo As comunidades quilombolas, estão presentes em diversos estados brasileiros, vivendo em condições de saúde mais precárias. Isto ocorre por conta do isolamento geográfico, das limitações de acesso e da falta de qualidade no serviço quando este é prestado. Nesse sentido, o objetivo do estudo foi analisar a qualidade de vida de mulheres de uma comunidade quilombola do nordeste brasileiro. Estudo observacional, transversal e descritivo. Foram entrevistadas 160 mulheres adultas, através de um formulário para a coleta de perfil e do questionário de Qualidade de Vida WHOQOL bref. Foi observado que as mulheres tinham em média 40,7 anos (±17,25), casadas, autodeclaradas negras, com fundamental incompleto, do lar, sem renda, com moradia de alvenaria, própria, com até 6 cômodos, abastecidas por caixa de água comunitária, tratada. A Qualidade de Vida, apresentou escores medianos nos domínios: físico (3,18), psicológico (3,4), relações sociais (3,45) e meio ambiente (2,59). Com a realização desta pesquisa foi possível caracterizar a comunidade quilombola de Santa Luzia do Norte-AL quanto as dificuldades de acesso a saúde e geração de renda, fatos que repercutem na sua condição de saúde. Os problemas descritos neste estudo podem contribuir para que ações de saúde sejam planejadas e efetivadas com o intuito de melhorar as condições socioeconômicas e de saúde nessa comunidade, considerando-se o contexto social, político e ambiental, valorizando seus saberes e práticas tradicionais.

Quality of life of women from a quilombola community in northeastern Brazil / Qualidade de vida de mulheres de uma comunidade quilombola do nordeste brasileiro

Abstract Quilombola communities are present in many Brazilian states living in precarious health conditions. This is due to geographic isolation, limitations to the access of the area in which they live in, and the lack of quality in the service when it is needed to be provided. Therefore, the aim of this study was to analyze the quality of life of women from a quilombola community in northeastern Brazil. It is an observational, cross-sectional and descriptive study. 160 adult women were first interviewed through a form to collect a profile and then it was applied the WHOQOL Quality of Life questionnaire - bref. It was observed that the women were on average 40.7 years old (±17.25), married, self-declared black, who did not finish elementary school, housewife, had no income, with their own masonry house, with up to 6 rooms, supplied by a box of community treated water. Quality of Life had median scores in the domains: physical (3.18), psychological (3.4), social relationships (3.45) and environment (2.59). With this research, it was possible to characterize the quilombola community of Santa Luzia do Norte-AL regarding the difficulties of access to health and income generation, issues that affect their health condition. The problems described in this study can contribute to health actions being planned and carried out in order to improve socioeconomic and health conditions in this community, considering the social, political and environmental context, valuing their traditional knowledge and practices.

Resumo As comunidades quilombolas, estão presentes em diversos estados brasileiros, vivendo em condições de saúde mais precárias. Isto ocorre por conta do isolamento geográfico, das limitações de acesso e da falta de qualidade no serviço quando este é prestado. Nesse sentido, o objetivo do estudo foi analisar a qualidade de vida de mulheres de uma comunidade quilombola do nordeste brasileiro. Estudo observacional, transversal e descritivo. Foram entrevistadas 160 mulheres adultas, através de um formulário para a coleta de perfil e do questionário de Qualidade de Vida WHOQOL - bref. Foi observado que as mulheres tinham em média 40,7 anos (±17,25), casadas, autodeclaradas negras, com fundamental incompleto, do lar, sem renda, com moradia de alvenaria, própria, com até 6 cômodos, abastecidas por caixa de água comunitária, tratada. A Qualidade de Vida, apresentou escores medianos nos domínios: físico (3,18), psicológico (3,4), relações sociais (3,45) e meio ambiente (2,59). Com a realização desta pesquisa foi possível caracterizar a comunidade quilombola de Santa Luzia do Norte-AL quanto as dificuldades de acesso a saúde e geração de renda, fatos que repercutem na sua condição de saúde. Os problemas descritos neste estudo podem contribuir para que ações de saúde sejam planejadas e efetivadas com o intuito de melhorar as condições socioeconômicas e de saúde nessa comunidade, considerando-se o contexto social, político e ambiental, valorizando seus saberes e práticas tradicionais.

Variability in life expectancy among people with HIV in Brazil by gender and sexual orientation

Abstract Introduction In Brazil, though Antiretroviral Therapy (ART) is available to all, the benefits may not be experienced uniformly. We projected Life Expectancy (LE) for People Living with HIV (PLHIV) in care as currently observed and estimated the impact of guideline-concordant care. Methods Using a microsimulation model, we projected LE for a cohort of PLHIV and for four population groups: cisgender Men who have Sex with Men (MSM), cisgender Men who have Sex with Women (MSW), Cisgender Women (CGW), and Transgender Women (TGW). Cohort data from Evandro Chagas National Institute of Infectious Diseases/Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (INI/Fiocruz) informed model parameters. We modeled five scenarios: 1) Current care: ART initiation, adherence, and retention in care as currently observed, 2) Guideline-concordant care: immediate ART initiation, full adherence to treatment, and consistent retention in care, 3) Immediate ART initiation with observed adherence to treatment and retention in care, 4) Full adherence to treatment with observed timing of ART initiation and retention in care, and 5) Consistent retention in care with observed timing of ART initiation and adherence. Results With current care, LE from age 15 would be 45.9, 44.4, 54.2, and 42.3 years, for MSM, MSW, CGW, and TGW. With guideline-concordant care, LE would be 54.2, 54.4, 63.1, and 53.2 years, for MSM, MSW, CGW and TGW, with TGW experiencing the greatest potential increase in LE (10.9 years). When investigating the components of care separately, MSW and CGW would gain most LE with immediate ART initiation, whereas for MSM and TGW consistent retention in care would be most impactful. Conclusions In settings like INI/Fiocruz, MSW and CGW would benefit most from interventions focused on earlier diagnosis and linkage to care, whereas TGW and MSM would benefit from interventions to sustain engagement in care. Assessment of the HIV care continuum for specific populations should inform care priorities.

Determinantes del estado de vacunación infantil: abordando la brecha de equidad en República Dominicana-2019 / Determinants of childhood immunization status: addressing the equity gap in the Dominican Republic­2019

Introducción: Las desigualdades amenazan el progreso del país hacia la equidad y la cobertura de vacunación infantil. Siendo la cobertura inferior a la meta del 90% de la Organización Mundial de la Salud. Objetivo: Identificar los determinantes sociales y las desigualdades en el estado de vacunación infantil en República Dominicana, 2019. Métodos: Se realiza un análisis basado en la Encuesta de Indicadores Múltiples por Conglomerados. Incluyendo una muestra ponderada de 1674 niños de 12-23 meses. Se calcula la regresión logística multinomial para identificar factores asociados a la vacunación. Adoptando p<0,05 para significación estadística. Utilizando una razón de probabilidades ajustada con intervalo de confianza del 95%. Empleando HEAT 4.0 para medir desigualdades y SPSS.23 para gestión y análisis de datos. Resultados: La edad media de los niños fue 17,4±3,5 meses. El 33% de ellos estaban completamente vacunados. La cobertura fue significativamente menor entre hijos de madre sin educación [AOR= 7,27; IC95%= 2,98­17,74]. La mayor cobertura se concentra en niños con altos niveles de educación y riqueza. Conclusión: Para lograr una cobertura de vacunación completa y equitativa, las intervenciones de salud pública deben diseñarse para satisfacer las necesidades de grupos de alto riesgo.

Introduction: In the Dominican Republic, inequalities threaten progress towards childhood vaccination equity and coverage, the latter being inferior to the World Health Organization's 90% goal. Objective: Identify the social determinants and inequalities in the state of childhood vaccination in the Dominican Republic, 2019. Methods: An analysis based on the Multiple Indicator Cluster Surveys is conducted. Including a weighted sample of 1674 children aged 12-23 months. The multinomial logistic regression is calculated to identify factors associated with vaccination. Using p<0,05 for statistical significance and an adjusted probability ratio with a 95% confidence interval. Employing HEAT 4.0 to measure inequalities and SPSS.23 for data management and analysis. Results: The children's mean age was 17,4±3,5 months. 33% of them were completely vaccinated. Coverage was significantly lower in children of mothers without education [AOR= 7,27; CI95%= 2,98­17,74]. Coverage was the highest in kids with high levels of education and wealth. Conclusion: To achieve complete and equitable vaccine coverage, public health interventions should be designed to satisfy the needs of high-risk groups.

Populações-chave ao vírus da imunodeficiência humana nos estudos da enfermagem: revisão integrativa / Key populations for human immunodeficiency virus in nursing studies: an integrative review / Poblaciones clave para el virus de la inmunodeficiencia humana en estudios de enfermería: una revisión integrativa

Objetivo: evidenciar as populações-chave ao vírus da imunodeficiência humana abordadas em estudos científicos de enfermagem. Método: revisão integrativa da literatura realizada nas bibliotecas National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health, Scientific Electronic Library Online e Biblioteca Virtual de Saúde; nas bases de dados Embase, Cummulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature, Scopus, Web of Science e Literatura Latino-Americana e do Caribe em Ciências da Saúde. Resultados: identificados 1.059 artigos, dos quais 18 foram incluídos. Os achados foram agrupados conforme as dimensões da vulnerabilidade (individual, social e programática). Conclusão: o papel da enfermagem diante das dimensões individuais, sociais e programáticas da vulnerabilidade, foi importante para identificar as especificidades dessas populações e para a compreensão dos aspectos que tornam estes indivíduos vulnerabilizados ao HIV/aids. Verifica-se a intervenção direta da enfermagem por meio de ações de promoção e prevenção de modo a contribuir para as boas práticas de cuidado.

Objective: to highlight the key populations for the human immunodeficiency virus addressed in scientific nursing studies. Methods: integrative literature review carried out in the National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health, Scientific Electronic Library Online and Virtual Health Library; in the databases Embase, Cummulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature, Scopus, Web of Science and Literatura Latino-Americana e do Caribe em Ciências da Saúde. Results: 1,059 articles were identified, of which 18 were included. The findings were grouped according to the dimensions of vulnerability (individual, social and programmatic). Conclusion: the role of nursing in the face of the individual, social and programmatic dimensions of vulnerability was important to identify the specificities of these populations and to understand the aspects that make these individuals vulnerable to HIV/AIDS. There is direct nursing intervention through promotion and prevention actions in order to contribute to good care practices.

Objetivos:resaltar las poblaciones clave para el virus de la inmunodeficiencia humana abordadas en estudios científicos de enfermería. Método: revisión integrativa de la literatura realizada en la Biblioteca Nacional de Medicina, Institutos Nacionales de Salud, Biblioteca Científica Electrónica en Línea y Biblioteca Virtual en Salud; en las bases de datos Embase, Cummulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature, Scopus, Web of Science y Literatura Latino-Americana e del Caribe em Ciências da Saúde. Resultados: se identificaron 1.059 artículos, de los cuales 18 fueron incluidos. Los hallazgos se agruparon según las dimensiones de vulnerabilidad (individual, social y programática). Conclusión: el papel de la enfermería frente a las dimensiones individual, social y programática de la vulnerabilidad fue importante para identificar las especificidades de estas poblaciones y comprender los aspectos que tornan a esos individuos vulnerables al VIH/SIDA. Existe intervención directa de enfermería a través de acciones de promoción y prevención para contribuir a las buenas prácticas de cuidado.

Construção e validação de instrumento para avaliação socioestrutural e comportamental associado à infecção pelo HIV em jovensa / Construcción y validación de un instrumento de evaluación sociológica y comportamental asociado con la infección por VIH en jóvenes / Construction and validity of an instrument for sociological and behavioral assessment associated with HIV infection in young peoplea

RESUMO Objetivo construir e validar conteúdo de instrumento para avaliação socioestrutural e comportamental associado à infecção pelo HIV em jovens. Método estudo metodológico, desenvolvido em duas etapas: elaboração do instrumento; e validação de conteúdo. Os itens que compuseram o instrumento foram selecionados através de revisão literária, tendo como referencial os domínios multiníveis do Modelo Social Ecológico Modificado, categorizados em componentes socioestruturais e comportamentais. O conteúdo foi avaliado por especialistas em duas rodadas conduzidas pela técnica Delphi, admitindo-se um índice de concordância de, no mínimo, 80%. Resultados a primeira versão do instrumento continha 52 itens, distribuídos em três domínios. Na primeira rodada, 19 itens (36,5%) obtiveram Índice de Validade de Conteúdo inferior a 0,80, dois itens foram excluídos e os demais foram reformulados. Na segunda rodada, 2 itens foram excluídos e 3 foram incorporados como subitem, totalizando 45 itens. O Índice de Validade de Conteúdo do Instrumento foi de 95%. Conclusão e implicações para a prática as recomendações dos especialistas contribuíram para a qualificação do instrumento Avaliação Socioestrutural e Comportamental-HIV, possibilitando a reorganização do conteúdo. O instrumento é válido para a identificação de fatores socioestruturais e comportamentais associados à infecção pelo HIV em jovens, com potencial para constituir planejamento de cuidados preventivos.

RESUMEN Objetivo construir y validar el contenido de un instrumento de evaluación socioestructural y conductual asociada a la infección por VIH en jóvenes. Método estudio metodológico, desarrollado en dos etapas: elaboración del instrumento; y validación de contenido. Los ítems que conformaron el instrumento fueron seleccionados a través de una revisión literaria, tomando como referencia los dominios multinivel del Modelo Ecológico Social Modificado, categorizados en componentes socioestructurales y conductuales. El contenido fue evaluado por expertos en dos rondas realizadas mediante la técnica Delphi, suponiendo una tasa de acuerdo de al menos el 80%. Resultados la primera versión del instrumento contuvo 52 ítems, distribuidos en tres dominios. En la primera ronda, 19 ítems (36,5%) tuvieron un Índice de Validez de Contenido inferior a 0,80, dos ítems fueron excluidos y el resto fueron reformulados. En la segunda ronda, se excluyeron 2 ítems y se incorporaron 3 como subítems, totalizando 45 ítems. El Índice de Validez de Contenido del Instrumento fue del 95%. Conclusión e implicaciones para la práctica las recomendaciones de los expertos contribuyeron para la calificación del instrumento Evaluación Socioestructural y del Comportamiento-VIH, permitiendo la reorganización del contenido. El instrumento es válido para identificar factores socioestructurales y conductuales asociados a la infección por VIH en jóvenes, con potencial para constituir una planificación de atención preventiva.

ABSTRACT Objective to construct and validate the content of an instrument for sociostructural and behavioral assessment associated with HIV infection in young people. Method a methodological study developed in two steps: instrument elaboration; and content validity. The items that made up the instrument were selected through a literary review using the Modified Social Ecological Model multilevel domains as a reference, categorized into sociostructural and behavioral components. Content was assessed by experts in two rounds conducted using the Delphi technique, assuming an agreement rate of at least 80%. Results the first version of the instrument contained 52 items, distributed across three domains. In the first round, 19 items (36.5%) had a Content Validity Index lower than 0.80, two items were excluded and the rest were reformulated. In the second round, 2 items were excluded and 3 were incorporated as subitems, totaling 45 items. The Instrument Content Validity Index was 95%. Conclusion and implications for practice experts' recommendations contributed qualifying the Sociostructural and Behavioral Assessment-HIV instrument, enabling content reorganization. The instrument is valid for identifying socio-structural and behavioral factors associated with HIV infection in young people, with the potential to constitute preventive care planning.

Fallo en la regulación de la fertilidad posparto en mujeres en vulnerabilidad social en Colombia / Failured to regulate postpartum fertility in vulnerable women in Colombia

Objetivo: Evaluar la prevalencia de fallo en la regulación de la fertilidad posparto y la asociación con otros factores en un municipio colombiano (2017). Método: Estudio observacional de corte transversal con 148 mujeres. Se aplicó un muestreo no aleatorio para incluir mujeres que hubieran tenido un parto en los últimos 5 años. Se calcularon la prevalencia y las razones de prevalencia. Se exploró la asociación con la prueba χ2 o la prueba exacta de Fisher bajo una significancia estadística de 0,05. Resultados: Se encontró una prevalencia de fallo de la regulación de la fertilidad posparto del 40,5%. La prevalencia se asoció con ejercer oficios del hogar, tener uno o dos hijos, no planificar o no acceder a métodos de planificación y haber tenido un embarazo con periodo intergenésico menor de 2 años (p < 0,05). Conclusiones: Es necesario implementar estrategias para identificar barreras de acceso a la planificación, impactando en el espaciamiento entre embarazos y el acceso a los servicios. Lo anterior para generar múltiples beneficios para la madre, su hijo/a, el sistema de salud y la sociedad.

Objective: To evaluate the prevalence of regulated postpartum fertility failure and possible associated factors in a Colombian municipality (2017). Method: Cross-sectional observational study of 148 women. A non-random sampling method was used to include women who had given birth to a child in the last five years. Prevalence and prevalence ratios were calculated. Associations were examined at 0.05 statistical significance using χ2 test or Fishers exact test. Results: The prevalence of postpartum fertility failure was found to be 40.5%. The prevalence was associated with household work, having one or two children, not planning, or not having access to planning methods, and having a pregnancy with an interval between pregnancies of less than 2 years (p < 0.05). Conclusions: It is necessary to implement strategies to identify barriers to access to planning, which have an impact on the spacing between pregnancies and access to services. This will have multiple benefits for mother, child, health system and society.

Diagnóstico tardío de VIH: diferencias entre nativos y migrantes internacionales. Estudio observacional en un hospital de la Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires / Late diagnosis of HIV-infection: differences between natives and international migrants. Observationalstudy in a hospital of Ciudad Autónoma de BuenosAires

ntroducción: El diagnóstico tardío de la infección por VIH y el acceso de los pacientes con enfermedad avanzada al sistema de salud afectan negativamente los beneficios in-dividuales y colectivos del tratamiento antirretroviral. A nivel mundial existe una alta prevalencia de diagnóstico tardío es-pecialmente en poblaciones vulnerables como los migrantes.Objetivos: Medir la prevalencia de diagnóstico tardío de infección por VIH entre migrantes internacionales y com-pararla con la de los argentinos.Material y métodos: Estudio retrospectivo, observacional, de personas mayores de 16 años asistidas en el Hospital General de Agudos Donación Francisco Santojanni que hubieran recibido diagnóstico de infección por VIH entre 01/1/2018 y el 31/12/2021. Se determinó la mediana de recuento de CD4 basal y la prevalencia de diagnóstico tar-dío. Aplicamos la prueba de la suma de rangos de Wilcoxon para la variable contínua y la prueba de Fisher para com-parar proporciones.Resultados: Incluimos 199 personas (52 migrantes, 147 argentinos). Los migrantes presentaron un nivel basal de linfocitos CD4 significativamente menor [Mediana (RIC 25-75) 248 (79-466) vs. 331 (166-532); p=0,044], mayor tasa de presentación tardía [69,2% vs. 54,4%; RR 1,27 (IC95 1,01-1,61); p=0,072] y con sida [44,2% vs. 30,6%; RR 1,44 (IC95 0,98-2,13); p=0,089] y una menor proporción de diagnós-ticos en etapa temprana [13,5% vs. 29,3%; RR 0,46 (IC95 0,22-0,96); p=0,026].Conclusiones: Los migrantes internacionales accedieron al diagnóstico en peor estado clínico que los argentinos. Conocer este dato es imprescindible para elaborar políti-cas tendientes a mejorar el acceso al diagnóstico de esta población vulnerable.

Introduction: The late diagnosis of HIV infection and the access of patients to health system with advanced disease negatively affect the individual and collective benefits of antiretroviral treatment. There is a worldwide high prevalence of late diagnosis, specially in vulnerable populations, such as migrants.Objectives: to measure the prevalence of late diagnosis of HIV infection among international migrants and compare it with the people born in Argentina.Material and methods: retrospective and observational study of people over 16 years old, assisted at the Donación Francisco Santojanni General Hospital, who had received a diagnosis of HIV infection between 01-01-2018 and 12-31-2021. The median baseline CD4 cell count and the prevalence of late diagnosis were determined. We applied the Wilcoxon rank sum test for the continuous variable and the Fisher test to compare proportions.Results: 199 subjects (52 migrants, 147 Argentinians) were included. Migrants presented a significantly lower baseline CD4 cell count [Median (IQR 25-75) 248 (79-466) vs 331 (166-532); p=0.044], a higher rate of late presentation [69.2% vs 54.4%; RR 1.27 (CI95 1.01-1.61); p=0.072], presentation with aids [44.2% vs 30.6%; RR 1.44 (CI95 0.98-2.13); p=0.089]; and a lower proportion of early stage presentation [13.5% vs 29.3%; RR 0.46 (CI95 0.22-0.96); p=0.026].Conclusions: international migrants accessed to the diagnosis in a worse clinical condition than Argentinians. Knowing this information is essential for the development of policies aimed to improve the access to diagnosis of this vulnerable population

Formação da identidade profissional de enfermeiros para o trabalho no sistema prisional / Development of the professional identity of nurses to work in the prisonal system / Formación de la identidad profesional de los enfermeros para trabajar en el sistema penitenciario

Objetivo:analisar elementos motivadores da construção da identidade profissional de enfermeiros do sistema prisional. Método: estudo histórico-social, qualitativo, sob o método de triangulação de fontes orais e documentais coletados de maio a dezembro de 2020, iluminado pelo referencial foucaultiano. Protocolo de pesquisa aprovado pelo Comitê de Ética e Pesquisa da instituição signatária. Resultados: a realização de concurso público para o sistema prisional foi motivada pela aquisição de estabilidade. Os enfermeiros concursados eram despreparados para cuidar de pessoas presas. A disciplina e os poderes exercidos pelos guardas e presos surpreenderam estes enfermeiros, que precisaram se adaptar ao sistema num contexto social marcado pela violência urbana. Considerações finais: destaca-se, na construção da identidade destes profissionais, a capacidade para contornar medos e inseguranças, exercício de poder disciplinar e normatização do cuidado para o enfrentamento do cotidiano do trabalho. Emerge a necessidade de capacitação de enfermeiros nesta área na formação profissional.

Objective: to analyze elements that motivate the construction of the professional identity of nurses in the prison system. Method: historical-social, qualitative study, under the method of triangulation of oral and documental sources collected from May to December 2020, illuminated by the Foucaultian reference. Approved by the Ethics and Research Committee. Results: the holding of a public tender for the prison system was motivated by the acquisition of stability. The registered nurses were unprepared to take care of prisoners. The discipline and powers exercised by guards and prisoners surprised these nurses, who had to adapt to the system in a social context marked by urban violence. Final considerations: in the construction of the identity of these professionals, the ability to overcome fears and insecurities, exercising disciplinary Power and standardizing care for coping with daily work is highlighted. The need to train nurses in thisarea in professional training emerges.

Objetivo: analizar elementos que motivan la construcción de la identidad profesional de las enfermeras en el sistema penitenciario. Método: estudio histórico-social, cualitativo, iluminado por el referente foucaultiano, que utiliza el método de triangulación de fuentes orales y documentales recolectadas de mayo a 20 de diciembre. El Comité de Ética en Investigación de la institución firmante aprobó el protocolo de investigación. Resultados: la realización de un concurso público para el sistema penitenciario estuvo motivada por la adquisición de estabilidad. Los enfermeros aprobados por ese concurso público no estaban preparados para cuidar a los presos. La disciplina y los poderes que ejercían los guardias y presos sorprendieron a estos enfermeros, que debieron adaptarse al sistema en un contexto social marcado por la violencia urbana. Consideraciones finales: en la construcción de la identidad de estos profesionales se destaca la capacidad de superación de miedos e inseguridades, ejercicio de poder disciplinario y estandarización de los cuidados para hacer frente al cotidiano del trabajo. Surge la necesidad de capacitar a enfermeros en esta área en la formación profesional.

Does the Brazilian cash transfer program (bolsa familia): Protect nutritional deviations among infants and breastfeeding practices in a capital of the Central Region of Brazil?

Cash transfer programs are strategies used by countries, intended for impoverished families, which play an essential role in promoting access to public services such as health, education, and social protection. Programs may also promote food and nutrition security. The Brazilian Cash Transfer Program ("Bolsa Familia") (BFP) aims to alleviate immediate poverty and combat hunger. The aim of this study is to characterize the nutritional and breastfeeding status of children under two years old among both beneficiaries and non-beneficiaries of BFP. Data from the Brazilian Food and Nutritional Surveillance System, available in the primary healthcare service system of Goiania, Brazil, in 2013 were collected. The following variables were evaluated: sex, weight, height/length, age, and breastfeeding status. Data from 4,567 children under 24 months old were assessed, of which 2.72% (n= 124) were BFP beneficiaries. Beneficiaries had a lower odd of receiving breast milk compared to non-beneficiaries (OR= 0.46, 95% CI:0.31; 0.66, p= 0.0001). Regarding nutritional status, 18.14% (n= 790) of children were diagnosed with nutritional deviation, and overweight was the most prevalent (n=352, 8.04%). Beneficiaries presented a lower odd of developing stunting when compared to non-beneficiaries of BFP (OR= 0.44, 95% CI:0.25; 0.77, p= 0.006). Being a BFP beneficiary was a protective factor for the stunting in children under 24 months old in Goiania, Brazil. However, measures to promote and support breastfeeding should be intensified in primary healthcare service, aimed primarily at children in social vulnerability.

Los programas de transferencias en efectivo son estrategias utilizadas por los países, destinadas a familias en situación de pobreza y pobreza extrema, que juegan un papel fundamental en la promoción del acceso a los servicios públicos como salud, educación y protección social, además de promover la seguridad alimentaria y nutricional. El Programa Brasileño de Transferencias en Efectivo ("Bolsa Familia") (BFP) tiene como objetivo aliviar la pobreza inmediata y combatir el hambre. El objetivo de este estudio es caracterizar el estado nutricional y de lactancia de los niños menores de dos años, tanto beneficiarios como no beneficiarios del BFP. Se recogieron datos del Sistema de Vigilancia Alimentaria y Nutricional Brasileña, disponibles en el sistema de atención primaria de salud de Goiânia, Brasil, en 2013. Se evaluaron las siguientes variables, sexo, peso, talla, edad y estado de lactancia. Se evaluaron datos de 4.567 menores de 24 meses, de los cuales el 2.72% (n=124) eran beneficiarios del BFP. Las beneficiarias presentaron menos posibilidades de recibir leche materna en comparación con las no beneficiarias (OR= 0.46, IC95%:0,31; 0,66, p= 0,0001). En cuanto al estado nutricional, el 18,14% (n= 790) de los niños fueron diagnosticado con desviación nutricional, siendo el sobrepeso el más prevalente (n= 352, 8, 04%). Los beneficiarios presentaron menos probabilidad de desarrollar talla baja en comparación con los no beneficiarios del BFP (OR= 0.44, IC95%: 0.25; 0.77, p= 0.006). Ser beneficiario del BFP fue un factor de protección para la baja talla en menores de 24 meses en Goiania, Brasil. Sin embargo, se deben intensificar las medidas de promoción y apoyo a la lactancia materna en los servicios de atención primaria de salud, dirigidas principalmente a los niños en situación de vulnerabilidad social.

Vulnerabilidad y cuidado desde la perspectiva de enfermería: Una revisión integrada de la literatura

La vulnerabilidad es un concepto ampliamente utilizado en la literatura de las ciencias sociales, e incorporado al ámbito sanitario con el desarrollo de la bioética y el modelo de determinantes sociales de la salud. Ha sido descrito por expertos como un concepto complejo y de gran utilidad para abordar poblaciones susceptibles de enfermar. Esto obliga a enfermería a identificar estos grupos y responder a sus necesidades de cuidado. Objetivo. Revisar la literatura para analizar las intersecciones en la relación conceptual entre vulnerabilidad y cuidado, desde una perspectiva de enfermería. Metodología. Se realizó una revisión integradora de la literatura basada en la sistematización propuesta por Whittemore y Knafl. Se consideró la literatura de los últimos cinco años disponible en las bases de datos Wos®, Scopus® y PubMed®. En la estrategia de búsqueda se utilizaron las palabras claves "vulnerability" and "care". Resultados. Se seleccionaron 18 artículos, coincidente con países que han desarrollado modelos sanitarios con enfoque social, como Canadá y Brasil. En el análisis se identificaron y describieron cinco temas en que se interceptan vulnerabilidad y cuidado; paradigma ontológico, epidemiológico, social y bioético, y la asociación entre vulnerabilidad y necesidades de cuidado. Conclusiones. La literatura da cuenta de la estrecha relación entre vulnerabilidad y cuidado, dado que la naturaleza de los cuidados profesionales de enfermería es la respuesta organizada socialmente a la vulnerabilidad humana.

Vulnerability is a concept widely used in the social sciences literature, and incorporated into the health field with the development of bioethics, and the model of social determinants of health. It has been described by experts as a complex concept, and very useful for addressing populations susceptible to illness. This ethically obliges nursing to identify these groups and respond to their care needs. Goal. To review the literature to analyze the intersections in the conceptual relationship between vulnerability and care, from a nursing perspective. Methodology. An integrative review of the literature was carried out based on the systematization proposed by Whittemore and Knafl. Literature from the last five years available in the Wos®, Scopus® and PubMed® databases was considered. The keywords "vulnerability" and "care" were used in the search strategy. Results. 18 articles were selected, coinciding with countries with health models with a social focus, such as Canada and Brazil. In the analysis, five themes were identified and described in which vulnerability and care intersect; ontological, epidemiological, social and bioethical paradigm, and the association between vulnerability and care needs. conclusions. The literature reports the close relationship between vulnerability and care, given that the nature of professional nursing care is the socially organized response to human vulnerability.

A vulnerabilidade é um conceito amplamente utilizado na literatura das ciências sociais, incorporado ao âmbito sanitário com o desenvolvimento da bioética e o modelo de determinantes sociais da saúde. Foi descrito por especialistas como um conceito complexo e de grande utilidade para abordar populações suscetíveis a adoecer. Isto obriga eticamente a enfermagem a identificar estes grupos e responder a suas necessidades de cuidado. Objetivo. Revisar a literatura para analizar as intersecções na relação conceitual entre vulnerabilidade e cuidado, a partir de uma perspectiva da enfermagem. Metodologia. Realizou-se uma revisão integradora da literatura baseada na sistematização proposta por Whittemore e Knafl. Considerou-se a literatura dos últimos cinco anos disponíveis nas bases de dados Wos®, Scopus® e PubMed®. Na estratégia de busca utilizou-se as palavras chaves "vulnerability" and "care". Resultados. Foram selecionados 18 artigos, coincidentes com países que desenvolveram modelos sanitários com enfoque social, como o Canadá e o Brasil. Na análise identificaram-se e descreveram-se cinco temas em que se interceptam vulnerabilidade e cuidado: paradigma ontológico, epidemiológico, social e bioético, e a associação entre vulnerabilidade e necessidades de cuidado. Conclusões. A literatura dá conta da estreita relação entre vulnerabilidade e cuidado, dado que a natureza dos cuidados profissionais de enfermagem é a resposta organizada socialmente à vulnerabilidade humana.

Percepción de educación sexual en adolescentes institucionalizados con carencia de cuidado parental / Perception of Sexual Education in Institutionalized Adolescents with Lack of Parental Care

Resumen Objetivo: Conocer las percepciones sobre la educación sexual en adolescentes institucionalizados con carencia de cuidado parental. Materiales y Métodos: Estudio exploratorio cualitativo en el cual se analizaron siete entrevistas, tres dirigidas a adolescentes con carencia de cuidado parental y cuatro a cuidadores principales. Para la interpretación de datos se realizó análisis de contenido, y se utilizó el software MAXQDA Analitics Pro 2020. Resultados: Resultaron ocho subcategorías, las cuales se agruparon en tres grandes categorías, el adolescente institucionalizado, percepción desde el cuidador principal y percepción de recursos disponibles. Los resultados muestran dos posibles características de los adolescentes en esta condición, la necesidad de ser institucionalizado, debido a la carencia de cuidado parental, así como la posible experimentación de eventos traumáticos con repercusiones sobre la salud. Por otra parte, desde la percepción del cuidador se observa la construcción del concepto de sexualidad del adolescente, la cual ocurre generalmente en el entorno escolar o a través de la exposición de elementos audiovisuales fuera de este. Por otra parte, se observa la falta de reconocimiento de los derechos sexuales y reproductivos de los adolescentes, asi como de los procesos de educación sexual por cuidadores principales. Finalmente se identifican algunos recursos disponibles que pueden ser la base para el desarrollo de estrategias que promuevan la educación sexual integral. Conclusión: El análisis permitió identificar que los adolescentes en esta condición carecen de un sistema idóneo que les permita construir un concepto de sexualidad más integral, recordando que esta no se limita a su expresión a través de la genitalidad. Las instituciones ponen especial atención a los aspectos relacionados con la protección social como la alimentación, vestido, educación y atención médica, sin embargo, no se evidencian estrategias o acciones específicas que fomenten la educación sexual, ya sea por tabúes, miedo o incapacidad de proveerla.

Abstract Objective: To identify the perceptions of sexual education in institutionalized adolescents with lack of parental care. Materials and methods: Study with exploratory qualitative approach. Seven interviews were analyzed, three addressed to adolescents with lack of parental care and four to their main caregivers. The MAXQDA Analytics Pro 2020 software was used to interpret the data through content analysis method. Results: The analysis resulted in eight subcategories that were grouped into three large categories: the institutionalized adolescent, perception from the main caregiver and perception of available resources. The results show two possible characteristics of adolescents in this condition, such as the need to be institutionalized due to lack of parental care, as well as the possibility of experiencing traumatic events that have repercussions on adolescent´ health. On the other hand, from the perception of the caregiver, it is observed how the concept of sexuality is constructed, which generally occurs in the school environment or through the exposure of audiovisual elements. On the other hand, there is a lack of recognition of the sexual and reproductive rights of adolescents, as well as the processes of sexual education by main caregivers. Finally, some available resources are identified that can be the basis for strategies development that promote comprehensive sexual education. Conclusion: The analysis of the interviews allow to identify that adolescents in this condition lack an adequate system that will allow them to build a more comprehensive concept of sexuality, remembering that it is not limited to its expression through genitality. Institutions pay special attention to aspects related to social protection such as food, clothing, education, and medical care, however, there are no specific strategies or actions that promote sex education, either due to taboos, fear, or inability to provide it.

Prevalence and causes of visual impairment in Dongaria indigenous (tribal) community. Tribal Odisha eye disease study # 12

Purpose: To document the spectrum and magnitude of eye disorders and visual impairment in the Dongaria—a Particularly Vulnerable Tribal Group in the Rayagada district of Odisha, India. Methods: A door?to?door screening protocol included a record of basic health parameters, visual acuity for distance, and near and flashlight examination of the eyes. Spectacles were dispensed to those who improved; those who failed the screening were referred to fixed (primary and secondary) eye care centers. Results: We examined 89% (n = 9872/11,085) of people who consented for screening. The mean age was 25.5 ± 18.8 years; 55% (n = 5391) were female; 13.8% (n = 1361) were under?five children, and 39% (n = 3884) were 6 to 16 years. 86% (n = 8515) were illiterate. 12.4% (n = 1224) were visually impaired, of which 9.9% had early moderate VI, and 2.5% had severe VI and blindness. Uncorrected refractive error was detected in 7.5% (n = 744) and cataracts in 7.6% (n = 754); among the adults, 41.5% (n = 924/2227) had presbyopia. In children, 20% (n = 790) had vitamin A deficiency, 17% (n = 234) had global acute malnutrition, and 18% (n = 244) were stunted for their age. Almost two?thirds (62%, n = 6144) confirmed habitual intake of alcohol, and 4% (n = 389) of adults had essential hypertension. Following the screening, 43.5% (n = 837) of referred patients reported to the fixed centers, and 55% (134/243) of people advised underwent cataract surgery. Spectacles were dispensed to 1496 individuals. Conclusion: Visual impairment and malnutrition are high in Dongaria indigenous community. Permanent health facilities and advocacy would improve this community’s health and health?seeking behavior.

Comparação dos casos de beribéri entre indígenas e não indígenas, Brasil, 2013 a 2018 / Comparison of beriberi cases in indigenous and non-indigenous people, Brazil, 2013 to 2018

Resumo O beribéri é a manifestação clínica da deficiência grave e prolongada de tiamina (vitamina B1). Doença negligenciada que acomete a população de baixa renda, em situação de insegurança alimentar e nutricional. O objetivo do estudo foi comparar casos de beribéri em indígenas com casos em não indígenas no Brasil. Trata-se de estudo transversal de casos notificados de beribéri no período de 2013 a 2018, no formulário do SUS (FormSUS) do Ministério da Saúde. Foram comparados os casos em indígenas e em não indígenas pelo teste qui-quadrado ou teste exato de Fisher com nível de significância de p < 0,05. No período estudado foram notificados no país 414 casos de beribéri, sendo 210 (50,7%) indígenas. Referiram consumo de bebidas alcoólicas 58,1% dos indígenas e 71,6% dos não-indígenas (p = 0,004); adicionalmente, 71,0% dos indígenas consumiam caxiri (bebida alcoólica tradicional fermentada). Relataram fazer esforço físico diário 76,1% dos indígenas e 40,2% dos não-indígenas (p <0 ,001). Conclui-se que o beribéri no país acomete mais indígenas e está relacionado ao consumo de álcool e ao esforço físico.

Abstract Beriberi is the clinical manifestation of severe and prolonged thiamine (vitamin B1) deficiency. It is a neglected disease that affects low-income populations facing food and nutrition insecurity. The aim of this study was to compare cases of beriberi among indigenous and non-indigenous people in Brazil. We conducted a cross-sectional study using data on cases of beriberi during the period July 2013-September 2018 derived from beriberi notification forms available on the FormSUS platform. Cases in indigenous and non-indigenous patients were compared using the chi-squared test or Fisher's exact test, adopting a significance level of 0.05. A total of 414 cases of beriberi were reported in the country during the study period, 210 of which (50.7%) were among indigenous people. Alcohol consumption was reported by 58.1% of the indigenous patients and 71.6% of the non-indigenous patients (p = 0.004); 71.0% of the indigenous patients reported that they consumed caxiri, a traditional alcoholic drink. Daily physical exertion was reported by 76.1% of the indigenous patients and 40.2% of the non-indigenous patients (p < 0.001). It is concluded that beriberi disproportionately affects indigenous people and is associated with alcohol consumption and physical exertion.

Sífilis infecciosa en la ciudad de Recreo, Departamento La Paz, Provincia de Catamarca, Argentina / Infectious syphilis in Recreo city, Department La Paz, Catamarca Province, Argentina

La sífilis, aun siendo fácil de diagnosticar y tratar, es causa de morbilidad y mortalidad en el mundo y su prevalencia sigue en aumento. Objetivos: Determinar la proporción de infectados con Treponema pallidum según sexo y edad y su relación con factores de riesgo. Métodos: 148 pacientes (47% varones, 53% mujeres, entre 16 y 60 años), pruebas de VDRL y ELISA, registro de datos demográficos, clínicos, conductas de riesgo. Resultados: primera prueba de VDRL en el 78,38% de los participantes. Casos de sífilis confirmados: 10 (6,76%); 70% mujeres, entre ellas 57,4% embarazadas; 70% entre 16 y 24 años de edad; 50% con nivel secundario completo y con VDRL previa; 70% con pareja sexual estable; edad temprana de inicio de actividad sexual (≤ 16); ausencia de uso de preservativo siempre. Conclusión: Se evidencia la necesidad de realizar controles serológicos e implementar un abordaje interdisciplinario en la prevención y tratamiento, principalmente en jóvenes[AU]

Syphilis, even easy to diagnose and treat, is a cause of morbidity and mortality in the world and its prevalence continues to increase. Objectives: To determine the proportion of infected with Treponema pallidum by sex and age and its relationship with risk factors. Methods: 148 patients (47% men, 53% women, between 16 and 60 years old), VDRL and ELISA tests, demographic and clinical data, risk behaviors record. Results: first VDRL test in 78.38% of patients. Syphilis cases: 10 (6.76%): 70% women, including 57.4% pregnant; 70% between 16 and 24 years of age; 50% completed secondary level and with previous VDRL; 70% stable sexual partner; early age of onset of sexual activity (≤ 16); absence of condom use always. Conclusion: it is evident the necessity of perform serological controls and interdisciplinary approach on prevention and treatment, mainly in young people[AU]

Sífilis, embora de fácil diagnóstico e tratamento, é causa de morbidade e mortalidade no mundo e sua prevalência continua aumentando. Objetivos: Determinar a proporção de pessoas infectadas pelo Treponema pallidum segundo sexo e idade e sua relação com fatores de risco. Métodos: 148 pacientes (47% homens, 53% mulheres, entre 16 e 60 anos), testes VDRL e ELISA, registro de dados demográficos e clínicos, comportamentos de risco. Resultados: primeiro teste de VDRL em 78,38% dos participantes. Casos de sífilis confirmados: 10 (6,76%); 70% mulheres, incluindo 57,4% grávidas; 70% entre 16 e 24 anos; 50% com nível médio completo e com VDRL anterior; 70% com parceiro sexual estável; idade precoce de início da atividade sexual (≤ 16); ausência de uso de preservativo sempre. Conclusão: Fica evidente a necessidade de realizar controles sorológicos e implementar uma abordagem interdisciplinar na prevenção e tratamento, principalmente em jovens[AU]

New WHO Recommendations for the Care of Preterm and Low Birth Weight Infants – A Potential Strategy to Transform the Current Healthcare Needs of Neonates

Despite major advances in the field of maternal and child health, preterm and lowbirth neonates still carry a substantial burden of both mortality and morbidity, especially in low and middle-income countries. In view of accumulating new evidence, there was a felt need for updating and expanding the previous World Health Organization recommendations of 2015. The new evidence-based recommendations for care of the preterm or low birthweight infant consist of 25 recommendations and one good practice statement and were published on 15 November, 2022. We herein provide the key recommendations for the benefit of the readers.

Development, validation & pilot testing of a questionnaire to assess healthcare seeking behaviour, healthcare service utilization & out-of-pocket expenditure of Particularly Vulnerable Tribal Groups of Odisha, India

Background & objectives: Assessing healthcare seeking behaviour (HSB), healthcare utilization and related out-of-pocket expenditures of Particularly Vulnerable Tribal Groups (PVTGs) of India through a prism of the health system may help to achieve equitable health outcomes. Therefore, this comprehensive study was envisaged to examine these issues among PVTGs of Odisha, India. However, there exists no validated questionnaire to measure these variables among PVTGs. Therefore, a study questionnaire was developed for this purpose and validated. Methods: Questionnaire was constructed in four phases: questionnaire development, validity assessment, pilot testing and reliability assessment. Nine domain experts face validated questionnaire in two rounds, followed by a single round of quantitative content validity. Next, the questionnaire was pretested in three rounds using cognitive interviews and pilot-tested among 335 and 100 eligible individuals for the two sections healthcare seeking behaviour (HSB-Q) and maternal and child healthcare service utilization (MCHSU-Q). Internal consistency reliability was assessed for de novo HSB-Q. Results: On two rounds of expert-driven face validity, 55 items were eliminated from 200 items. Questionnaire showed moderate to high content validity (item-level content validity index range: 0.78 to 1, scale-level content validity index/universal agreement: 0.73; scale-level content validity index/average: 0.96 and multirater kappa statistics range: 0.6 to 1). During the pre-test, items were altered until saturation was achieved. Pilot testing helped to refine interview modalities. The Cronbach alpha and McDonald’s omega assessing internal consistency of HSB-Q were 0.8 and 0.85, respectively. Interpretation & conclusions: The questionnaire was found to be valid and reliable to explore healthcare seeking behaviour, maternal and child healthcare utilization and related out-of-pocket expenditure incurred by PVTGs of Odisha, India.

SOCIAL VALUE CREATION THROUGH SOCIAL ENTREPRENEURSHIP - A QUALITATIVE APPROACH

The objective of this paper is to contribute to better understanding of the concept behind social entrepreneurship. A qualitative approach was carried out to better know the perception behind social entrepreneurs. A sample of 10 social entrepreneurs engaged in MSME sector were interviewed pertaining to the questions behind the success of social entrepreneurial activities. The questions were raised based on their success, market orientation, image and value creation and enterprise organization. The paper nally concludes that social entrepreneurs apart from their concepts, the activities are towards the welfare of the society and it improves the economic development of the country which is a boon for the society as well as country.

SEXUAL VIOLENCE AND SOCIAL VULNERABILITY AS REFLECTED IN MARGARET ATWOOD'S RAPE FANTASY

Rape is the most universal offense against women in world. Especially in India nearly 32,000 rape cases were registered across the country and the report was produced by the National Crime Records of Bureau by the end of 2021. Such sexual assault and abuse in present scenario paves way to societal vulnerability. All the news channels, magazines and crime records are evident enough to telecast and focus the crime regularly. The worst thing to hear is nearly 89% of the rapes were committed by close relatives of the victims. The people are leading their life with multiple stressors, shocks, exploitation and also of social marginalization. It is evident to note many psychological changes in the attitude of people. People are not ready help the victims directly or indirectly. Typically, women face many sorts of hallucination and fear in private and public place. Margaret Atwood's Rape Fantasy pictures the rape fantasies of the working class women and the psychological trouble that they undergo. The lesson about sex and sexual violence are well reflected in many literary genres to give more awareness to the people and to safeguard oneself from the crime